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Evolution Korea The democratic system in South Korea is vulnerable to populist impulses. It's still better than we had hoped for. The country is looking for an entirely new model of development. A Confucian culture that stresses respect for ancestors and gendered family relationships continues to influence the society. There are signs that a secular culture is emerging. Origins During prehistoric times the ancestors of the modern Koreans lived on hunting and gathering wild food. In the tens of thousands of years after, they began to grow crops including millet and beans. They also raised livestock and created furs. They also established tribal states one after the other in Manchuria and on the Korean peninsula. They also developed a metallurgy industry, producing iron tools, including bronze. They traded with other states and introduced Celadon papermaking block printing, art styles and a written language to Japan. In 2333 BCE Gojoseon was established in the southern region of the peninsula. This state embraced Chinese culture, including Confucian Philosophy and Buddhism. At this time the inhabitants of Buyeo became part of Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a hierarchical society that included a monarch as well as high-ranking officials were drawn from the landed aristocracy whereas the majority of the population were peasants. The state extracted taxes from the citizens and often required them to join the army or participate in projects of the government, like building fortifications. Onjo Prince Onjo, a prince from Goguryeo who was also the son of Jumong the founder of Goguryeo and the state of Baekje at the close of the time. The new kingdom grew its territory into the southwest of the peninsula and fought with Goguryeo and China's commandos in the region. Baekje included elements of Confucian thinking into its state beliefs and made the male centered concept of filiopiety an official doctrine in 1390 CE. Under the guise of filiopiety fathers were responsible for their families and they must be revered and obeyed by all, including their grandchildren and children. Goryeo, a country which ruled from 918 until 1392 CE in the year 1392 CE, introduced to the world the Hangul Alphabet, based on the patterns created by the mouth when it pronounces. This greatly improved communication and led to an increase in the writing of Buddhist text. Woodblock printing and the movable metal type were also refined. It was at this time that the Samguk sagi or 'History of the Three Kingdoms' first appeared in 1145 CE. Evolution in Korea The Korean peninsula has been continuously inhabited since Neolithic times. The earliest evidence of human settlements is evident in the form of graves lined with stone, with precious objects such as amazonite jewellery being buried with the dead. Megalithic structures, referred to as dolmens, built from enormous single stones, are prevalent throughout the country. In the first half of the 1st millennium BCE, Gojoseon established itself as the first recognized political state. The peninsula was later ruled by a number of states during the Three Kingdoms Period (57 BC-635 CE) including Baekje and Goguryeo. Additionally, the northern part of the peninsula was ruled by the Balhae kingdom, which most historians don't consider to be a proper Korean state. Following the Three Kingdoms arose the Proto-Three Kingdoms Period, also known as the Several States Period. Baekje, the most powerful of these states, was weakened by the fall of Goguryeo (676 CE), leaving it with only its southern regions in Manchuria and the the western region around Hwanghae Bay. Eastern Buyeo as well as the Gaya confederacy, thrived for a time. The Unified Silla kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms began to cooperate in order to expand their territory. In the final, Silla, with significant Chinese aid, conquered the other states and unified the peninsula in 935 CE. As Korea enters the post-crisis era its development model is in flux. The people who are awed by the cost of the old system advocate a comprehensive program of liberalization of capital, labor and product markets. On the other hand, supporters of the old system try to protect it by promoting nationalist sentiments and by exaggerating fears about possible job losses. Analysts and academics are divided on the extent to which Korea's development is being driven by these two trends. This article assesses developments to date by analyzing five phases of Korea's political evolution: the illiberal democratic period (1945-60), democratic authoritarianism (1961-72) authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-87) democratic paternalism (1987-2001) and democratic participation (2002 to present). This article also highlights important factors that appear to influence these processes. Creationism in Korea In South Korea, 26% of the population is Christian. Creationists have made significant progress in promoting their beliefs to this group. A 2009 survey revealed that almost a third of respondents did not believe in the theory of evolution. Of the respondents, 41% stated that there wasn't enough evidence from science to support the theory 39% of respondents said that the theory was in contradiction to their religious beliefs and 17% said it was difficult to grasp. The level of doubt is comparable to that of the United States where a similar percentage of people do not believe that humans evolved from lesser advanced forms of life. In the past, the anti-evolution campaign in Korea was primarily focused on the education of students and bringing Christ to them. In 1980 the year 1980, a four-day creation science seminar was held in Seoul during the World Evangelization Crusade. Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Giss of ICR were the featured speakers. This event attracted a huge number of church leaders and scientists. The success of the event resulted in the formation of the Korea Association of Creation Research on January 31st of 1980. The event was widely covered in national newspapers including The Korea Times, Chosun Ilbo and The Korea Times. KACR began publishing a monthly newsletter called CREATION, where it covered its activities and also published articles on scientific evidence for creationism. It also translated several slides and film strips from ICR and some books on the subject that were published outside of Korea. KACR members also gave talks at universities and churches throughout the country. A KACR success was seen at KAIST University in Seoul. Students at KAIST in Seoul were so keen on the concept of creationism that they raised funds and received support to build an enlightened museum on campus. In addition to its public activities, KACR publishes a bimonthly news magazine called CREATION which covers topics in creation science. It has also sponsored a series of lectures by ICR staff. It has also created branches in local offices that offer talks and seminars to schoolchildren and community groups. The evolution of South Korea In the late 19th century and beginning of 20th, Korea moved toward a Westernised lifestyle. The traditional Korean dress, the hanbok was replaced by miniskirts and other fashion elements from abroad. The traditional Korean music was also replaced by rock and roll and jazz. In this time, the famous samulnori or masked dancing-dramas were very popular. 에볼루션 룰렛 were performed to the accompaniment of shaman drums as well as various types of musical instruments. Korea's new development model is being formed in the wake of the economic crisis. The main challenge for the new regime is the balance between state-led economic policies and market-based ones. It also requires a change in the incentives, monitoring, and disciplining strategies that have been a part of the pre-crisis system. These issues are addressed in Chapters 3 and 4. Baekje was founded by Onjo the prince and third son of Jumong of Goguryeo was founded by people from the Hangang River area, Buyeo and other regions, as well as migrants from northern China. Baekje was an important regional power in the early 4th Century, expanded its territory to Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do south. Consequently, it came into frequent battle with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanderies across the border. The decline of Silla between the 8th and 9th centuries led to the development of powerful local factions. Gungye was a nobleman from Later Baekje who established a kingdom in Songak with Songak as its capital. He controlled a part of the present-day Jeolla province and Chungcheong. Later, he moved the capital to Wansanju and became a rival to Goguryeo. The rule of his was, however, short-lived. Wang Geon, a powerful local leader who defeated Gungye in 935 and unified Goryeo, Baekje, and Silla, later incorporated Baekje into Goryeo without a fight as his successor. In addition, Wang Geon introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened a centralized government system. This marked the end of the Three Kingdoms period. From that point on, the Korean peninsula was controlled by the Goryeo Dynasty. In the Three Kingdoms Period, Goguryeo Baekje Silla slowly developed into powerful states on the peninsula as well as in Manchuria.